# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- """ logbook.handlers ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The handler interface and builtin handlers. :copyright: (c) 2010 by Armin Ronacher, Georg Brandl. :license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details. """ import io import os import re import sys import stat import errno import socket import gzip import math try: from hashlib import sha1 except ImportError: from sha import new as sha1 import traceback import collections from datetime import datetime, timedelta from collections import deque from textwrap import dedent from logbook.base import ( CRITICAL, ERROR, WARNING, NOTICE, INFO, DEBUG, TRACE, NOTSET, level_name_property, _missing, lookup_level, Flags, ContextObject, ContextStackManager, _datetime_factory) from logbook.helpers import ( rename, b, _is_text_stream, is_unicode, PY2, zip, xrange, string_types, collections_abc, integer_types, reraise, u, with_metaclass) from logbook.concurrency import new_fine_grained_lock DEFAULT_FORMAT_STRING = u( '[{record.time:%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f%z}] ' '{record.level_name}: {record.channel}: {record.message}') SYSLOG_FORMAT_STRING = u('{record.channel}: {record.message}') NTLOG_FORMAT_STRING = dedent(u(''' Message Level: {record.level_name} Location: {record.filename}:{record.lineno} Module: {record.module} Function: {record.func_name} Exact Time: {record.time:%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S} Event provided Message: {record.message} ''')).lstrip() TEST_FORMAT_STRING = u('[{record.level_name}] {record.channel}: {record.message}') MAIL_FORMAT_STRING = dedent(u(''' Subject: {handler.subject} Message type: {record.level_name} Location: {record.filename}:{record.lineno} Module: {record.module} Function: {record.func_name} Time: {record.time:%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S} Message: {record.message} ''')).lstrip() MAIL_RELATED_FORMAT_STRING = dedent(u(''' Message type: {record.level_name} Location: {record.filename}:{record.lineno} Module: {record.module} Function: {record.func_name} {record.message} ''')).lstrip() SYSLOG_PORT = 514 REGTYPE = type(re.compile("I'm a regular expression!")) def create_syshandler(application_name, level=NOTSET): """Creates the handler the operating system provides. On Unix systems this creates a :class:`SyslogHandler`, on Windows sytems it will create a :class:`NTEventLogHandler`. """ if os.name == 'nt': return NTEventLogHandler(application_name, level=level) return SyslogHandler(application_name, level=level) class _HandlerType(type): """The metaclass of handlers injects a destructor if the class has an overridden close method. This makes it possible that the default handler class as well as all subclasses that don't need cleanup to be collected with less overhead. """ def __new__(cls, name, bases, d): # aha, that thing has a custom close method. We will need a magic # __del__ for it to be called on cleanup. if (bases != (ContextObject,) and 'close' in d and '__del__' not in d and not any(hasattr(x, '__del__') for x in bases)): def _magic_del(self): try: self.close() except Exception: # del is also invoked when init fails, so we better just # ignore any exception that might be raised here pass d['__del__'] = _magic_del return type.__new__(cls, name, bases, d) class Handler(with_metaclass(_HandlerType), ContextObject): """Handler instances dispatch logging events to specific destinations. The base handler class. Acts as a placeholder which defines the Handler interface. Handlers can optionally use Formatter instances to format records as desired. By default, no formatter is specified; in this case, the 'raw' message as determined by record.message is logged. To bind a handler you can use the :meth:`push_application`, :meth:`push_thread` or :meth:`push_greenlet` methods. This will push the handler on a stack of handlers. To undo this, use the :meth:`pop_application`, :meth:`pop_thread` methods and :meth:`pop_greenlet`:: handler = MyHandler() handler.push_application() # all here goes to that handler handler.pop_application() By default messages sent to that handler will not go to a handler on an outer level on the stack, if handled. This can be changed by setting bubbling to `True`. There are also context managers to setup the handler for the duration of a `with`-block:: with handler.applicationbound(): ... with handler.threadbound(): ... with handler.greenletbound(): ... Because `threadbound` is a common operation, it is aliased to a with on the handler itself if not using gevent:: with handler: ... If gevent is enabled, the handler is aliased to `greenletbound`. """ stack_manager = ContextStackManager() #: a flag for this handler that can be set to `True` for handlers that #: are consuming log records but are not actually displaying it. This #: flag is set for the :class:`NullHandler` for instance. blackhole = False def __init__(self, level=NOTSET, filter=None, bubble=False): #: the level for the handler. Defaults to `NOTSET` which #: consumes all entries. self.level = lookup_level(level) #: the formatter to be used on records. This is a function #: that is passed a log record as first argument and the #: handler as second and returns something formatted #: (usually a unicode string) self.formatter = None #: the filter to be used with this handler self.filter = filter #: the bubble flag of this handler self.bubble = bubble level_name = level_name_property() def format(self, record): """Formats a record with the given formatter. If no formatter is set, the record message is returned. Generally speaking the return value is most likely a unicode string, but nothing in the handler interface requires a formatter to return a unicode string. The combination of a handler and formatter might have the formatter return an XML element tree for example. """ if self.formatter is None: return record.message return self.formatter(record, self) def should_handle(self, record): """Returns `True` if this handler wants to handle the record. The default implementation checks the level. """ return record.level >= self.level def handle(self, record): """Emits the record and falls back. It tries to :meth:`emit` the record and if that fails, it will call into :meth:`handle_error` with the record and traceback. This function itself will always emit when called, even if the logger level is higher than the record's level. If this method returns `False` it signals to the calling function that no recording took place in which case it will automatically bubble. This should not be used to signal error situations. The default implementation always returns `True`. """ try: self.emit(record) except Exception: self.handle_error(record, sys.exc_info()) return True def emit(self, record): """Emit the specified logging record. This should take the record and deliver it to whereever the handler sends formatted log records. """ def emit_batch(self, records, reason): """Some handlers may internally queue up records and want to forward them at once to another handler. For example the :class:`~logbook.FingersCrossedHandler` internally buffers records until a level threshold is reached in which case the buffer is sent to this method and not :meth:`emit` for each record. The default behaviour is to call :meth:`emit` for each record in the buffer, but handlers can use this to optimize log handling. For instance the mail handler will try to batch up items into one mail and not to emit mails for each record in the buffer. Note that unlike :meth:`emit` there is no wrapper method like :meth:`handle` that does error handling. The reason is that this is intended to be used by other handlers which are already protected against internal breakage. `reason` is a string that specifies the rason why :meth:`emit_batch` was called, and not :meth:`emit`. The following are valid values: ``'buffer'`` Records were buffered for performance reasons or because the records were sent to another process and buffering was the only possible way. For most handlers this should be equivalent to calling :meth:`emit` for each record. ``'escalation'`` Escalation means that records were buffered in case the threshold was exceeded. In this case, the last record in the iterable is the record that triggered the call. ``'group'`` All the records in the iterable belong to the same logical component and happened in the same process. For example there was a long running computation and the handler is invoked with a bunch of records that happened there. This is similar to the escalation reason, just that the first one is the significant one, not the last. If a subclass overrides this and does not want to handle a specific reason it must call into the superclass because more reasons might appear in future releases. Example implementation:: def emit_batch(self, records, reason): if reason not in ('escalation', 'group'): Handler.emit_batch(self, records, reason) ... """ for record in records: self.emit(record) def close(self): """Tidy up any resources used by the handler. This is automatically called by the destructor of the class as well, but explicit calls are encouraged. Make sure that multiple calls to close are possible. """ def handle_error(self, record, exc_info): """Handle errors which occur during an emit() call. The behaviour of this function depends on the current `errors` setting. Check :class:`Flags` for more information. """ try: behaviour = Flags.get_flag('errors', 'print') if behaviour == 'raise': reraise(exc_info[0], exc_info[1], exc_info[2]) elif behaviour == 'print': traceback.print_exception(*(exc_info + (None, sys.stderr))) sys.stderr.write('Logged from file %s, line %s\n' % ( record.filename, record.lineno)) except IOError: pass class NullHandler(Handler): """A handler that does nothing. Useful to silence logs above a certain location in the handler stack:: handler = NullHandler() handler.push_application() NullHandlers swallow all logs sent to them, and do not bubble them onwards. """ blackhole = True def __init__(self, level=NOTSET, filter=None): super(NullHandler, self).__init__(level=level, filter=filter, bubble=False) class WrapperHandler(Handler): """A class that can wrap another handler and redirect all calls to the wrapped handler:: handler = WrapperHandler(other_handler) Subclasses should override the :attr:`_direct_attrs` attribute as necessary. """ #: a set of direct attributes that are not forwarded to the inner #: handler. This has to be extended as necessary. _direct_attrs = frozenset(['handler']) def __init__(self, handler): self.handler = handler def __getattr__(self, name): return getattr(self.handler, name) def __setattr__(self, name, value): if name in self._direct_attrs: return Handler.__setattr__(self, name, value) setattr(self.handler, name, value) class StringFormatter(object): """Many handlers format the log entries to text format. This is done by a callable that is passed a log record and returns an unicode string. The default formatter for this is implemented as a class so that it becomes possible to hook into every aspect of the formatting process. """ def __init__(self, format_string): self.format_string = format_string def _get_format_string(self): return self._format_string def _set_format_string(self, value): self._format_string = value self._formatter = value format_string = property(_get_format_string, _set_format_string) del _get_format_string, _set_format_string def format_record(self, record, handler): try: return self._formatter.format(record=record, handler=handler) except UnicodeEncodeError: # self._formatter is a str, but some of the record items # are unicode fmt = self._formatter.decode('ascii', 'replace') return fmt.format(record=record, handler=handler) except UnicodeDecodeError: # self._formatter is unicode, but some of the record items # are non-ascii str fmt = self._formatter.encode('ascii', 'replace') return fmt.format(record=record, handler=handler) def format_exception(self, record): return record.formatted_exception def __call__(self, record, handler): line = self.format_record(record, handler) exc = self.format_exception(record) if exc: line += u('\n') + exc return line class StringFormatterHandlerMixin(object): """A mixin for handlers that provides a default integration for the :class:`~logbook.StringFormatter` class. This is used for all handlers by default that log text to a destination. """ #: a class attribute for the default format string to use if the #: constructor was invoked with `None`. default_format_string = DEFAULT_FORMAT_STRING #: the class to be used for string formatting formatter_class = StringFormatter def __init__(self, format_string): if format_string is None: format_string = self.default_format_string #: the currently attached format string as new-style format #: string. self.format_string = format_string def _get_format_string(self): if isinstance(self.formatter, StringFormatter): return self.formatter.format_string def _set_format_string(self, value): if value is None: self.formatter = None else: self.formatter = self.formatter_class(value) format_string = property(_get_format_string, _set_format_string) del _get_format_string, _set_format_string class HashingHandlerMixin(object): """Mixin class for handlers that are hashing records.""" def hash_record_raw(self, record): """Returns a hashlib object with the hash of the record.""" hash = sha1() hash.update(('%d\x00' % record.level).encode('ascii')) hash.update((record.channel or u('')).encode('utf-8') + b('\x00')) hash.update(record.filename.encode('utf-8') + b('\x00')) hash.update(b(str(record.lineno))) return hash def hash_record(self, record): """Returns a hash for a record to keep it apart from other records. This is used for the `record_limit` feature. By default The level, channel, filename and location are hashed. Calls into :meth:`hash_record_raw`. """ return self.hash_record_raw(record).hexdigest() _NUMBER_TYPES = integer_types + (float,) class LimitingHandlerMixin(HashingHandlerMixin): """Mixin class for handlers that want to limit emitting records. In the default setting it delivers all log records but it can be set up to not send more than n mails for the same record each hour to not overload an inbox and the network in case a message is triggered multiple times a minute. The following example limits it to 60 mails an hour:: from datetime import timedelta handler = MailHandler(record_limit=1, record_delta=timedelta(minutes=1)) """ def __init__(self, record_limit, record_delta): self.record_limit = record_limit self._limit_lock = new_fine_grained_lock() self._record_limits = {} if record_delta is None: record_delta = timedelta(seconds=60) elif isinstance(record_delta, _NUMBER_TYPES): record_delta = timedelta(seconds=record_delta) self.record_delta = record_delta def check_delivery(self, record): """Helper function to check if data should be delivered by this handler. It returns a tuple in the form ``(suppression_count, allow)``. The first one is the number of items that were not delivered so far, the second is a boolean flag if a delivery should happen now. """ if self.record_limit is None: return 0, True hash = self.hash_record(record) self._limit_lock.acquire() try: allow_delivery = None suppression_count = old_count = 0 first_count = now = datetime.utcnow() if hash in self._record_limits: last_count, suppression_count = self._record_limits[hash] if last_count + self.record_delta < now: allow_delivery = True else: first_count = last_count old_count = suppression_count if (not suppression_count and len(self._record_limits) >= self.max_record_cache): cache_items = sorted(self._record_limits.items()) del cache_items[:int(self._record_limits) * self.record_cache_prune] self._record_limits = dict(cache_items) self._record_limits[hash] = (first_count, old_count + 1) if allow_delivery is None: allow_delivery = old_count < self.record_limit return suppression_count, allow_delivery finally: self._limit_lock.release() class StreamHandler(Handler, StringFormatterHandlerMixin): """a handler class which writes logging records, appropriately formatted, to a stream. note that this class does not close the stream, as sys.stdout or sys.stderr may be used. If a stream handler is used in a `with` statement directly it will :meth:`close` on exit to support this pattern:: with StreamHandler(my_stream): pass .. admonition:: Notes on the encoding On Python 3, the encoding parameter is only used if a stream was passed that was opened in binary mode. """ def __init__(self, stream, level=NOTSET, format_string=None, encoding=None, filter=None, bubble=False): Handler.__init__(self, level, filter, bubble) StringFormatterHandlerMixin.__init__(self, format_string) self.encoding = encoding self.lock = new_fine_grained_lock() if stream is not _missing: self.stream = stream def __enter__(self): return Handler.__enter__(self) def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, tb): self.close() return Handler.__exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, tb) def ensure_stream_is_open(self): """this method should be overriden in sub-classes to ensure that the inner stream is open """ pass def close(self): """The default stream handler implementation is not to close the wrapped stream but to flush it. """ self.flush() def flush(self): """Flushes the inner stream.""" if self.stream is not None and hasattr(self.stream, 'flush'): self.stream.flush() def encode(self, msg): """Encodes the message to the stream encoding.""" stream = self.stream rv = msg + '\n' if ((PY2 and is_unicode(rv)) or not (PY2 or is_unicode(rv) or _is_text_stream(stream))): enc = self.encoding if enc is None: enc = getattr(stream, 'encoding', None) or 'utf-8' rv = rv.encode(enc, 'replace') return rv def write(self, item): """Writes a bytestring to the stream.""" self.stream.write(item) def emit(self, record): msg = self.format(record) self.lock.acquire() try: self.ensure_stream_is_open() self.write(self.encode(msg)) if self.should_flush(): self.flush() finally: self.lock.release() def should_flush(self): return True class FileHandler(StreamHandler): """A handler that does the task of opening and closing files for you. By default the file is opened right away, but you can also `delay` the open to the point where the first message is written. This is useful when the handler is used with a :class:`~logbook.FingersCrossedHandler` or something similar. """ def __init__(self, filename, mode='a', encoding=None, level=NOTSET, format_string=None, delay=False, filter=None, bubble=False): if encoding is None: encoding = 'utf-8' StreamHandler.__init__(self, None, level, format_string, encoding, filter, bubble) self._filename = filename self._mode = mode if delay: self.stream = None else: self._open() def _open(self, mode=None): if mode is None: mode = self._mode self.stream = io.open(self._filename, mode, encoding=self.encoding) def write(self, item): self.ensure_stream_is_open() if isinstance(item, bytes): self.stream.buffer.write(item) else: self.stream.write(item) def close(self): self.lock.acquire() try: if self.stream is not None: self.flush() self.stream.close() self.stream = None finally: self.lock.release() def encode(self, record): # encodes based on the stream settings, so the stream has to be # open at the time this function is called. self.ensure_stream_is_open() return StreamHandler.encode(self, record) def ensure_stream_is_open(self): if self.stream is None: self._open() class GZIPCompressionHandler(FileHandler): def __init__(self, filename, encoding=None, level=NOTSET, format_string=None, delay=False, filter=None, bubble=False, compression_quality=9): self._compression_quality = compression_quality super(GZIPCompressionHandler, self).__init__(filename, mode='wb', encoding=encoding, level=level, format_string=format_string, delay=delay, filter=filter, bubble=bubble) def _open(self, mode=None): if mode is None: mode = self._mode self.stream = gzip.open(self._filename, mode, compresslevel=self._compression_quality) def write(self, item): if isinstance(item, str): item = item.encode(encoding=self.encoding) self.ensure_stream_is_open() self.stream.write(item) def should_flush(self): # gzip manages writes independently. Flushing prematurely could mean # duplicate flushes and thus bloated files return False class BrotliCompressionHandler(FileHandler): def __init__(self, filename, encoding=None, level=NOTSET, format_string=None, delay=False, filter=None, bubble=False, compression_window_size=4*1024**2, compression_quality=11): super(BrotliCompressionHandler, self).__init__(filename, mode='wb', encoding=encoding, level=level, format_string=format_string, delay=delay, filter=filter, bubble=bubble) try: from brotli import Compressor except ImportError: raise RuntimeError('The brotli library is required for ' 'the BrotliCompressionHandler.') max_window_size = int(math.log(compression_window_size, 2)) self._compressor = Compressor(quality=compression_quality, lgwin=max_window_size) def _open(self, mode=None): if mode is None: mode = self._mode self.stream = io.open(self._filename, mode) def write(self, item): if isinstance(item, str): item = item.encode(encoding=self.encoding) ret = self._compressor.process(item) if ret: self.ensure_stream_is_open() self.stream.write(ret) super(BrotliCompressionHandler, self).flush() def should_flush(self): return False def flush(self): if self._compressor is not None: ret = self._compressor.flush() if ret: self.ensure_stream_is_open() self.stream.write(ret) super(BrotliCompressionHandler, self).flush() def close(self): if self._compressor is not None: self.ensure_stream_is_open() self.stream.write(self._compressor.finish()) self._compressor = None super(BrotliCompressionHandler, self).close() class MonitoringFileHandler(FileHandler): """A file handler that will check if the file was moved while it was open. This might happen on POSIX systems if an application like logrotate moves the logfile over. Because of different IO concepts on Windows, this handler will not work on a windows system. """ def __init__(self, filename, mode='a', encoding='utf-8', level=NOTSET, format_string=None, delay=False, filter=None, bubble=False): FileHandler.__init__(self, filename, mode, encoding, level, format_string, delay, filter, bubble) if os.name == 'nt': raise RuntimeError('MonitoringFileHandler ' 'does not support Windows') self._query_fd() def _query_fd(self): if self.stream is None: self._last_stat = None, None else: try: st = os.stat(self._filename) except OSError: e = sys.exc_info()[1] if e.errno != errno.ENOENT: raise self._last_stat = None, None else: self._last_stat = st[stat.ST_DEV], st[stat.ST_INO] def emit(self, record): msg = self.format(record) self.lock.acquire() try: last_stat = self._last_stat self._query_fd() if last_stat != self._last_stat and self.stream is not None: self.flush() self.stream.close() self.stream = None self.ensure_stream_is_open() self.write(self.encode(msg)) self.flush() self._query_fd() finally: self.lock.release() class StderrHandler(StreamHandler): """A handler that writes to what is currently at stderr. At the first glace this appears to just be a :class:`StreamHandler` with the stream set to :data:`sys.stderr` but there is a difference: if the handler is created globally and :data:`sys.stderr` changes later, this handler will point to the current `stderr`, whereas a stream handler would still point to the old one. """ def __init__(self, level=NOTSET, format_string=None, filter=None, bubble=False): StreamHandler.__init__(self, _missing, level, format_string, None, filter, bubble) @property def stream(self): return sys.stderr class RotatingFileHandler(FileHandler): """This handler rotates based on file size. Once the maximum size is reached it will reopen the file and start with an empty file again. The old file is moved into a backup copy (named like the file, but with a ``.backupnumber`` appended to the file. So if you are logging to ``mail`` the first backup copy is called ``mail.1``.) The default number of backups is 5. Unlike a similar logger from the logging package, the backup count is mandatory because just reopening the file is dangerous as it deletes the log without asking on rollover. """ def __init__(self, filename, mode='a', encoding='utf-8', level=NOTSET, format_string=None, delay=False, max_size=1024 * 1024, backup_count=5, filter=None, bubble=False): FileHandler.__init__(self, filename, mode, encoding, level, format_string, delay, filter, bubble) self.max_size = max_size self.backup_count = backup_count assert backup_count > 0, ('at least one backup file has to be ' 'specified') def should_rollover(self, record, bytes): self.stream.seek(0, 2) return self.stream.tell() + bytes >= self.max_size def perform_rollover(self): self.stream.close() for x in xrange(self.backup_count - 1, 0, -1): src = '%s.%d' % (self._filename, x) dst = '%s.%d' % (self._filename, x + 1) try: rename(src, dst) except OSError: e = sys.exc_info()[1] if e.errno != errno.ENOENT: raise rename(self._filename, self._filename + '.1') self._open('w') def emit(self, record): msg = self.format(record) self.lock.acquire() try: msg = self.encode(msg) if self.should_rollover(record, len(msg)): self.perform_rollover() self.write(msg) self.flush() finally: self.lock.release() class TimedRotatingFileHandler(FileHandler): """This handler rotates based on dates. It will name the file after the filename you specify and the `date_format` pattern. So for example if you configure your handler like this:: handler = TimedRotatingFileHandler('/var/log/foo.log', date_format='%Y-%m-%d') The filenames for the logfiles will look like this:: /var/log/foo-2010-01-10.log /var/log/foo-2010-01-11.log ... By default it will keep all these files around, if you want to limit them, you can specify a `backup_count`. You may supply an optional `rollover_format`. This allows you to specify the format for the filenames of rolled-over files. the format as So for example if you configure your handler like this:: handler = TimedRotatingFileHandler( '/var/log/foo.log', date_format='%Y-%m-%d', rollover_format='{basename}{ext}.{timestamp}') The filenames for the logfiles will look like this:: /var/log/foo.log.2010-01-10 /var/log/foo.log.2010-01-11 ... Finally, an optional argument `timed_filename_for_current` may be set to false if you wish to have the current log file match the supplied filename until it is rolled over """ def __init__(self, filename, mode='a', encoding='utf-8', level=NOTSET, format_string=None, date_format='%Y-%m-%d', backup_count=0, filter=None, bubble=False, timed_filename_for_current=True, rollover_format='{basename}-{timestamp}{ext}'): self.date_format = date_format self.backup_count = backup_count self.rollover_format = rollover_format self.original_filename = filename self.basename, self.ext = os.path.splitext(os.path.abspath(filename)) self.timed_filename_for_current = timed_filename_for_current self._timestamp = self._get_timestamp(_datetime_factory()) if self.timed_filename_for_current: filename = self.generate_timed_filename(self._timestamp) elif os.path.exists(filename): self._timestamp = self._get_timestamp( datetime.fromtimestamp( os.stat(filename).st_mtime ) ) FileHandler.__init__(self, filename, mode, encoding, level, format_string, True, filter, bubble) def _get_timestamp(self, datetime): """ Fetches a formatted string witha timestamp of the given datetime """ return datetime.strftime(self.date_format) def generate_timed_filename(self, timestamp): """ Produces a filename that includes a timestamp in the format supplied to the handler at init time. """ timed_filename = self.rollover_format.format( basename=self.basename, timestamp=timestamp, ext=self.ext) return timed_filename def files_to_delete(self): """Returns a list with the files that have to be deleted when a rollover occours. """ directory = os.path.dirname(self._filename) files = [] rollover_regex = re.compile(self.rollover_format.format( basename=re.escape(self.basename), timestamp='.+', ext=re.escape(self.ext), )) for filename in os.listdir(directory): filename = os.path.join(directory, filename) if rollover_regex.match(filename): files.append((os.path.getmtime(filename), filename)) files.sort() if self.backup_count > 1: return files[:-self.backup_count + 1] else: return files[:] def perform_rollover(self, new_timestamp): if self.stream is not None: self.stream.close() if ( not self.timed_filename_for_current and os.path.exists(self._filename) ): filename = self.generate_timed_filename(self._timestamp) os.rename(self._filename, filename) if self.backup_count > 0: for time, filename in self.files_to_delete(): os.remove(filename) if self.timed_filename_for_current: self._filename = self.generate_timed_filename(new_timestamp) self._timestamp = new_timestamp self._open('w') def emit(self, record): msg = self.format(record) self.lock.acquire() try: new_timestamp = self._get_timestamp(record.time) if new_timestamp != self._timestamp: self.perform_rollover(new_timestamp) self.write(self.encode(msg)) self.flush() finally: self.lock.release() class TestHandler(Handler, StringFormatterHandlerMixin): """Like a stream handler but keeps the values in memory. This logger provides some ways to test for the records in memory. Example usage:: def my_test(): with logbook.TestHandler() as handler: logger.warn('A warning') assert logger.has_warning('A warning') ... """ default_format_string = TEST_FORMAT_STRING def __init__(self, level=NOTSET, format_string=None, filter=None, bubble=False, force_heavy_init=False): Handler.__init__(self, level, filter, bubble) StringFormatterHandlerMixin.__init__(self, format_string) #: captures the :class:`LogRecord`\s as instances self.records = [] self._formatted_records = [] self._formatted_record_cache = [] self._force_heavy_init = force_heavy_init def close(self): """Close all records down when the handler is closed.""" for record in self.records: record.close() def emit(self, record): # keep records open because we will want to examine them after the # call to the emit function. If we don't do that, the traceback # attribute and other things will already be removed. record.keep_open = True if self._force_heavy_init: record.heavy_init() self.records.append(record) @property def formatted_records(self): """Captures the formatted log records as unicode strings.""" if (len(self._formatted_record_cache) != len(self.records) or any(r1 != r2 for r1, r2 in zip(self.records, self._formatted_record_cache))): self._formatted_records = [self.format(r) for r in self.records] self._formatted_record_cache = list(self.records) return self._formatted_records @property def has_criticals(self): """`True` if any :data:`CRITICAL` records were found.""" return any(r.level == CRITICAL for r in self.records) @property def has_errors(self): """`True` if any :data:`ERROR` records were found.""" return any(r.level == ERROR for r in self.records) @property def has_warnings(self): """`True` if any :data:`WARNING` records were found.""" return any(r.level == WARNING for r in self.records) @property def has_notices(self): """`True` if any :data:`NOTICE` records were found.""" return any(r.level == NOTICE for r in self.records) @property def has_infos(self): """`True` if any :data:`INFO` records were found.""" return any(r.level == INFO for r in self.records) @property def has_debugs(self): """`True` if any :data:`DEBUG` records were found.""" return any(r.level == DEBUG for r in self.records) @property def has_traces(self): """`True` if any :data:`TRACE` records were found.""" return any(r.level == TRACE for r in self.records) def has_critical(self, *args, **kwargs): """`True` if a specific :data:`CRITICAL` log record exists. See :ref:`probe-log-records` for more information. """ kwargs['level'] = CRITICAL return self._test_for(*args, **kwargs) def has_error(self, *args, **kwargs): """`True` if a specific :data:`ERROR` log record exists. See :ref:`probe-log-records` for more information. """ kwargs['level'] = ERROR return self._test_for(*args, **kwargs) def has_warning(self, *args, **kwargs): """`True` if a specific :data:`WARNING` log record exists. See :ref:`probe-log-records` for more information. """ kwargs['level'] = WARNING return self._test_for(*args, **kwargs) def has_notice(self, *args, **kwargs): """`True` if a specific :data:`NOTICE` log record exists. See :ref:`probe-log-records` for more information. """ kwargs['level'] = NOTICE return self._test_for(*args, **kwargs) def has_info(self, *args, **kwargs): """`True` if a specific :data:`INFO` log record exists. See :ref:`probe-log-records` for more information. """ kwargs['level'] = INFO return self._test_for(*args, **kwargs) def has_debug(self, *args, **kwargs): """`True` if a specific :data:`DEBUG` log record exists. See :ref:`probe-log-records` for more information. """ kwargs['level'] = DEBUG return self._test_for(*args, **kwargs) def has_trace(self, *args, **kwargs): """`True` if a specific :data:`TRACE` log record exists. See :ref:`probe-log-records` for more information. """ kwargs['level'] = TRACE return self._test_for(*args, **kwargs) def _test_for(self, message=None, channel=None, level=None): def _match(needle, haystack): """Matches both compiled regular expressions and strings""" if isinstance(needle, REGTYPE) and needle.search(haystack): return True if needle == haystack: return True return False for record in self.records: if level is not None and record.level != level: continue if channel is not None and record.channel != channel: continue if message is not None and not _match(message, record.message): continue return True return False class MailHandler(Handler, StringFormatterHandlerMixin, LimitingHandlerMixin): """A handler that sends error mails. The format string used by this handler are the contents of the mail plus the headers. This is handy if you want to use a custom subject or ``X-`` header:: handler = MailHandler(format_string='''\ Subject: {record.level_name} on My Application {record.message} {record.extra[a_custom_injected_record]} ''') This handler will always emit text-only mails for maximum portability and best performance. In the default setting it delivers all log records but it can be set up to not send more than n mails for the same record each hour to not overload an inbox and the network in case a message is triggered multiple times a minute. The following example limits it to 60 mails an hour:: from datetime import timedelta handler = MailHandler(record_limit=1, record_delta=timedelta(minutes=1)) The default timedelta is 60 seconds (one minute). The mail handler sends mails in a blocking manner. If you are not using some centralized system for logging these messages (with the help of ZeroMQ or others) and the logging system slows you down you can wrap the handler in a :class:`logbook.queues.ThreadedWrapperHandler` that will then send the mails in a background thread. `server_addr` can be a tuple of host and port, or just a string containing the host to use the default port (25, or 465 if connecting securely.) `credentials` can be a tuple or dictionary of arguments that will be passed to :py:meth:`smtplib.SMTP.login`. `secure` can be a tuple, dictionary, or boolean. As a boolean, this will simply enable or disable a secure connection. The tuple is unpacked as parameters `keyfile`, `certfile`. As a dictionary, `secure` should contain those keys. For backwards compatibility, ``secure=()`` will enable a secure connection. If `starttls` is enabled (default), these parameters will be passed to :py:meth:`smtplib.SMTP.starttls`, otherwise :py:class:`smtplib.SMTP_SSL`. .. versionchanged:: 0.3 The handler supports the batching system now. .. versionadded:: 1.0 `starttls` parameter added to allow disabling STARTTLS for SSL connections. .. versionchanged:: 1.0 If `server_addr` is a string, the default port will be used. .. versionchanged:: 1.0 `credentials` parameter can now be a dictionary of keyword arguments. .. versionchanged:: 1.0 `secure` can now be a dictionary or boolean in addition to to a tuple. """ default_format_string = MAIL_FORMAT_STRING default_related_format_string = MAIL_RELATED_FORMAT_STRING default_subject = u('Server Error in Application') #: the maximum number of record hashes in the cache for the limiting #: feature. Afterwards, record_cache_prune percent of the oldest #: entries are removed max_record_cache = 512 #: the number of items to prune on a cache overflow in percent. record_cache_prune = 0.333 def __init__(self, from_addr, recipients, subject=None, server_addr=None, credentials=None, secure=None, record_limit=None, record_delta=None, level=NOTSET, format_string=None, related_format_string=None, filter=None, bubble=False, starttls=True): Handler.__init__(self, level, filter, bubble) StringFormatterHandlerMixin.__init__(self, format_string) LimitingHandlerMixin.__init__(self, record_limit, record_delta) self.from_addr = from_addr self.recipients = recipients if subject is None: subject = self.default_subject self.subject = subject self.server_addr = server_addr self.credentials = credentials self.secure = secure if related_format_string is None: related_format_string = self.default_related_format_string self.related_format_string = related_format_string self.starttls = starttls def _get_related_format_string(self): if isinstance(self.related_formatter, StringFormatter): return self.related_formatter.format_string def _set_related_format_string(self, value): if value is None: self.related_formatter = None else: self.related_formatter = self.formatter_class(value) related_format_string = property(_get_related_format_string, _set_related_format_string) del _get_related_format_string, _set_related_format_string def get_recipients(self, record): """Returns the recipients for a record. By default the :attr:`recipients` attribute is returned for all records. """ return self.recipients def message_from_record(self, record, suppressed): """Creates a new message for a record as email message object (:class:`email.message.Message`). `suppressed` is the number of mails not sent if the `record_limit` feature is active. """ from email.message import Message from email.header import Header msg = Message() msg.set_charset('utf-8') lineiter = iter(self.format(record).splitlines()) for line in lineiter: if not line: break h, v = line.split(':', 1) # We could probably just encode everything. For the moment encode # only what really needed to avoid breaking a couple of tests. try: v.encode('ascii') except UnicodeEncodeError: msg[h.strip()] = Header(v.strip(), 'utf-8') else: msg[h.strip()] = v.strip() msg.replace_header('Content-Transfer-Encoding', '8bit') body = '\r\n'.join(lineiter) if suppressed: body += ('\r\n\r\nThis message occurred additional %d ' 'time(s) and was suppressed' % suppressed) # inconsistency in Python 2.5 # other versions correctly return msg.get_payload() as str if sys.version_info < (2, 6) and isinstance(body, unicode): body = body.encode('utf-8') msg.set_payload(body, 'UTF-8') return msg def format_related_record(self, record): """Used for format the records that led up to another record or records that are related into strings. Used by the batch formatter. """ return self.related_formatter(record, self) def generate_mail(self, record, suppressed=0): """Generates the final email (:class:`email.message.Message`) with headers and date. `suppressed` is the number of mails that were not send if the `record_limit` feature is active. """ from email.utils import formatdate msg = self.message_from_record(record, suppressed) msg['From'] = self.from_addr msg['Date'] = formatdate() return msg def collapse_mails(self, mail, related, reason): """When escaling or grouped mails are """ if not related: return mail if reason == 'group': title = 'Other log records in the same group' else: title = 'Log records that led up to this one' mail.set_payload('%s\r\n\r\n\r\n%s:\r\n\r\n%s' % ( mail.get_payload(), title, '\r\n\r\n'.join(body.rstrip() for body in related) ), 'UTF-8') return mail def get_connection(self): """Returns an SMTP connection. By default it reconnects for each sent mail. """ from smtplib import SMTP, SMTP_SSL, SMTP_PORT, SMTP_SSL_PORT if self.server_addr is None: host = '127.0.0.1' port = self.secure and SMTP_SSL_PORT or SMTP_PORT else: try: host, port = self.server_addr except ValueError: # If server_addr is a string, the tuple unpacking will raise # ValueError, and we can use the default port. host = self.server_addr port = self.secure and SMTP_SSL_PORT or SMTP_PORT # Previously, self.secure was passed as con.starttls(*self.secure). This # meant that starttls couldn't be used without a keyfile and certfile # unless an empty tuple was passed. See issue #94. # # The changes below allow passing: # - secure=True for secure connection without checking identity. # - dictionary with keys 'keyfile' and 'certfile'. # - tuple to be unpacked to variables keyfile and certfile. # - secure=() equivalent to secure=True for backwards compatibility. # - secure=False equivalent to secure=None to disable. if isinstance(self.secure, collections_abc.Mapping): keyfile = self.secure.get('keyfile', None) certfile = self.secure.get('certfile', None) elif isinstance(self.secure, collections_abc.Iterable): # Allow empty tuple for backwards compatibility if len(self.secure) == 0: keyfile = certfile = None else: keyfile, certfile = self.secure else: keyfile = certfile = None # Allow starttls to be disabled by passing starttls=False. if not self.starttls and self.secure: con = SMTP_SSL(host, port, keyfile=keyfile, certfile=certfile) else: con = SMTP(host, port) if self.credentials is not None: secure = self.secure if self.starttls and secure is not None and secure is not False: con.ehlo() con.starttls(keyfile=keyfile, certfile=certfile) con.ehlo() # Allow credentials to be a tuple or dict. if isinstance(self.credentials, collections_abc.Mapping): credentials_args = () credentials_kwargs = self.credentials else: credentials_args = self.credentials credentials_kwargs = dict() con.login(*credentials_args, **credentials_kwargs) return con def close_connection(self, con): """Closes the connection that was returned by :meth:`get_connection`. """ try: if con is not None: con.quit() except Exception: pass def deliver(self, msg, recipients): """Delivers the given message to a list of recipients.""" con = self.get_connection() try: con.sendmail(self.from_addr, recipients, msg.as_string()) finally: self.close_connection(con) def emit(self, record): suppressed = 0 if self.record_limit is not None: suppressed, allow_delivery = self.check_delivery(record) if not allow_delivery: return self.deliver(self.generate_mail(record, suppressed), self.get_recipients(record)) def emit_batch(self, records, reason): if reason not in ('escalation', 'group'): raise RuntimeError("reason must be either 'escalation' or 'group'") records = list(records) if not records: return trigger = records.pop(reason == 'escalation' and -1 or 0) suppressed = 0 if self.record_limit is not None: suppressed, allow_delivery = self.check_delivery(trigger) if not allow_delivery: return trigger_mail = self.generate_mail(trigger, suppressed) related = [self.format_related_record(record) for record in records] self.deliver(self.collapse_mails(trigger_mail, related, reason), self.get_recipients(trigger)) class GMailHandler(MailHandler): """ A customized mail handler class for sending emails via GMail (or Google Apps mail):: handler = GMailHandler( "my_user@gmail.com", "mypassword", ["to_user@some_mail.com"], ...) # other arguments same as MailHandler .. versionadded:: 0.6.0 """ def __init__(self, account_id, password, recipients, **kw): super(GMailHandler, self).__init__( account_id, recipients, secure=True, server_addr=("smtp.gmail.com", 587), credentials=(account_id, password), **kw) class SyslogHandler(Handler, StringFormatterHandlerMixin): """A handler class which sends formatted logging records to a syslog server. By default it will send to it via unix socket. """ default_format_string = SYSLOG_FORMAT_STRING # priorities LOG_EMERG = 0 # system is unusable LOG_ALERT = 1 # action must be taken immediately LOG_CRIT = 2 # critical conditions LOG_ERR = 3 # error conditions LOG_WARNING = 4 # warning conditions LOG_NOTICE = 5 # normal but significant condition LOG_INFO = 6 # informational LOG_DEBUG = 7 # debug-level messages # facility codes LOG_KERN = 0 # kernel messages LOG_USER = 1 # random user-level messages LOG_MAIL = 2 # mail system LOG_DAEMON = 3 # system daemons LOG_AUTH = 4 # security/authorization messages LOG_SYSLOG = 5 # messages generated internally by syslogd LOG_LPR = 6 # line printer subsystem LOG_NEWS = 7 # network news subsystem LOG_UUCP = 8 # UUCP subsystem LOG_CRON = 9 # clock daemon LOG_AUTHPRIV = 10 # security/authorization messages (private) LOG_FTP = 11 # FTP daemon # other codes through 15 reserved for system use LOG_LOCAL0 = 16 # reserved for local use LOG_LOCAL1 = 17 # reserved for local use LOG_LOCAL2 = 18 # reserved for local use LOG_LOCAL3 = 19 # reserved for local use LOG_LOCAL4 = 20 # reserved for local use LOG_LOCAL5 = 21 # reserved for local use LOG_LOCAL6 = 22 # reserved for local use LOG_LOCAL7 = 23 # reserved for local use facility_names = { 'auth': LOG_AUTH, 'authpriv': LOG_AUTHPRIV, 'cron': LOG_CRON, 'daemon': LOG_DAEMON, 'ftp': LOG_FTP, 'kern': LOG_KERN, 'lpr': LOG_LPR, 'mail': LOG_MAIL, 'news': LOG_NEWS, 'syslog': LOG_SYSLOG, 'user': LOG_USER, 'uucp': LOG_UUCP, 'local0': LOG_LOCAL0, 'local1': LOG_LOCAL1, 'local2': LOG_LOCAL2, 'local3': LOG_LOCAL3, 'local4': LOG_LOCAL4, 'local5': LOG_LOCAL5, 'local6': LOG_LOCAL6, 'local7': LOG_LOCAL7, } level_priority_map = { DEBUG: LOG_DEBUG, INFO: LOG_INFO, NOTICE: LOG_NOTICE, WARNING: LOG_WARNING, ERROR: LOG_ERR, CRITICAL: LOG_CRIT } def __init__(self, application_name=None, address=None, facility='user', socktype=socket.SOCK_DGRAM, level=NOTSET, format_string=None, filter=None, bubble=False, record_delimiter=None): Handler.__init__(self, level, filter, bubble) StringFormatterHandlerMixin.__init__(self, format_string) self.application_name = application_name if address is None: if sys.platform == 'darwin': address = '/var/run/syslog' else: address = '/dev/log' self.remote_address = self.address = address self.facility = facility self.socktype = socktype if isinstance(address, string_types): self._connect_unixsocket() self.enveloper = self.unix_envelope default_delimiter = u'\x00' else: self._connect_netsocket() self.enveloper = self.net_envelope default_delimiter = u'\n' self.record_delimiter = default_delimiter \ if record_delimiter is None else record_delimiter self.connection_exception = getattr( __builtins__, 'BrokenPipeError', socket.error) def _connect_unixsocket(self): self.unixsocket = True self.socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_UNIX, socket.SOCK_DGRAM) try: self.socket.connect(self.address) except socket.error: self.socket.close() self.socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_UNIX, socket.SOCK_STREAM) self.socket.connect(self.address) def _connect_netsocket(self): self.unixsocket = False self.socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, self.socktype) if self.socktype == socket.SOCK_STREAM: self.socket.connect(self.remote_address) self.address = self.socket.getsockname() def encode_priority(self, record): facility = self.facility_names[self.facility] priority = self.level_priority_map.get(record.level, self.LOG_WARNING) return (facility << 3) | priority def wrap_segments(self, record, before): msg = self.format(record) segments = [segment for segment in msg.split(self.record_delimiter)] return (before + segment + self.record_delimiter for segment in segments) def unix_envelope(self, record): before = u'<{}>{}'.format( self.encode_priority(record), self.application_name + ':' if self.application_name else '') return self.wrap_segments(record, before) def net_envelope(self, record): # Gross but effective try: format_string = self.format_string application_name = self.application_name if not application_name and record.channel and \ '{record.channel}: ' in format_string: self.format_string = format_string.replace( '{record.channel}: ', '') self.application_name = record.channel # RFC 5424: version timestamp hostname app-name procid # msgid structured-data message before = u'<{}>1 {}Z {} {} {} - - '.format( self.encode_priority(record), record.time.isoformat(), socket.gethostname(), self.application_name if self.application_name else '-', record.process) return self.wrap_segments(record, before) finally: self.format_string = format_string self.application_name = application_name def emit(self, record): for segment in self.enveloper(record): self.send_to_socket(segment.encode('utf-8')) def send_to_socket(self, data): if self.unixsocket: try: self.socket.send(data) except socket.error: self._connect_unixsocket() self.socket.send(data) elif self.socktype == socket.SOCK_DGRAM: # the flags are no longer optional on Python 3 self.socket.sendto(data, 0, self.address) else: try: self.socket.sendall(data) except self.connection_exception: self._connect_netsocket() self.socket.send(data) def close(self): self.socket.close() class NTEventLogHandler(Handler, StringFormatterHandlerMixin): """A handler that sends to the NT event log system.""" dllname = None default_format_string = NTLOG_FORMAT_STRING def __init__(self, application_name, log_type='Application', level=NOTSET, format_string=None, filter=None, bubble=False): Handler.__init__(self, level, filter, bubble) StringFormatterHandlerMixin.__init__(self, format_string) if os.name != 'nt': raise RuntimeError('NTLogEventLogHandler requires a Windows ' 'operating system.') try: import win32evtlogutil import win32evtlog except ImportError: raise RuntimeError('The pywin32 library is required ' 'for the NTEventLogHandler.') self.application_name = application_name self._welu = win32evtlogutil dllname = self.dllname if not dllname: dllname = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(self._welu.__file__), '../win32service.pyd') self.log_type = log_type self._welu.AddSourceToRegistry(self.application_name, dllname, log_type) self._default_type = win32evtlog.EVENTLOG_INFORMATION_TYPE self._type_map = { DEBUG: win32evtlog.EVENTLOG_INFORMATION_TYPE, INFO: win32evtlog.EVENTLOG_INFORMATION_TYPE, NOTICE: win32evtlog.EVENTLOG_INFORMATION_TYPE, WARNING: win32evtlog.EVENTLOG_WARNING_TYPE, ERROR: win32evtlog.EVENTLOG_ERROR_TYPE, CRITICAL: win32evtlog.EVENTLOG_ERROR_TYPE } def unregister_logger(self): """Removes the application binding from the registry. If you call this, the log viewer will no longer be able to provide any information about the message. """ self._welu.RemoveSourceFromRegistry(self.application_name, self.log_type) def get_event_type(self, record): return self._type_map.get(record.level, self._default_type) def get_event_category(self, record): """Returns the event category for the record. Override this if you want to specify your own categories. This version returns 0. """ return 0 def get_message_id(self, record): """Returns the message ID (EventID) for the record. Override this if you want to specify your own ID. This version returns 1. """ return 1 def emit(self, record): id = self.get_message_id(record) cat = self.get_event_category(record) type = self.get_event_type(record) self._welu.ReportEvent(self.application_name, id, cat, type, [self.format(record)]) class FingersCrossedHandler(Handler): """This handler wraps another handler and will log everything in memory until a certain level (`action_level`, defaults to `ERROR`) is exceeded. When that happens the fingers crossed handler will activate forever and log all buffered records as well as records yet to come into another handled which was passed to the constructor. Alternatively it's also possible to pass a factory function to the constructor instead of a handler. That factory is then called with the triggering log entry and the finger crossed handler to create a handler which is then cached. The idea of this handler is to enable debugging of live systems. For example it might happen that code works perfectly fine 99% of the time, but then some exception happens. But the error that caused the exception alone might not be the interesting bit, the interesting information were the warnings that lead to the error. Here a setup that enables this for a web application:: from logbook import FileHandler from logbook import FingersCrossedHandler def issue_logging(): def factory(record, handler): return FileHandler('/var/log/app/issue-%s.log' % record.time) return FingersCrossedHandler(factory) def application(environ, start_response): with issue_logging(): return the_actual_wsgi_application(environ, start_response) Whenever an error occours, a new file in ``/var/log/app`` is created with all the logging calls that lead up to the error up to the point where the `with` block is exited. Please keep in mind that the :class:`~logbook.FingersCrossedHandler` handler is a one-time handler. Once triggered, it will not reset. Because of that you will have to re-create it whenever you bind it. In this case the handler is created when it's bound to the thread. Due to how the handler is implemented, the filter, bubble and level flags of the wrapped handler are ignored. .. versionchanged:: 0.3 The default behaviour is to buffer up records and then invoke another handler when a severity theshold was reached with the buffer emitting. This now enables this logger to be properly used with the :class:`~logbook.MailHandler`. You will now only get one mail for each buffered record. However once the threshold was reached you would still get a mail for each record which is why the `reset` flag was added. When set to `True`, the handler will instantly reset to the untriggered state and start buffering again:: handler = FingersCrossedHandler(MailHandler(...), buffer_size=10, reset=True) .. versionadded:: 0.3 The `reset` flag was added. """ #: the reason to be used for the batch emit. The default is #: ``'escalation'``. #: #: .. versionadded:: 0.3 batch_emit_reason = 'escalation' def __init__(self, handler, action_level=ERROR, buffer_size=0, pull_information=True, reset=False, filter=None, bubble=False): Handler.__init__(self, NOTSET, filter, bubble) self.lock = new_fine_grained_lock() self._level = action_level if isinstance(handler, Handler): self._handler = handler self._handler_factory = None else: self._handler = None self._handler_factory = handler #: the buffered records of the handler. Once the action is triggered #: (:attr:`triggered`) this list will be None. This attribute can #: be helpful for the handler factory function to select a proper #: filename (for example time of first log record) self.buffered_records = deque() #: the maximum number of entries in the buffer. If this is exhausted #: the oldest entries will be discarded to make place for new ones self.buffer_size = buffer_size self._buffer_full = False self._pull_information = pull_information self._action_triggered = False self._reset = reset def close(self): if self._handler is not None: self._handler.close() def enqueue(self, record): if self._pull_information: record.pull_information() if self._action_triggered: self._handler.emit(record) else: self.buffered_records.append(record) if self._buffer_full: self.buffered_records.popleft() elif (self.buffer_size and len(self.buffered_records) >= self.buffer_size): self._buffer_full = True return record.level >= self._level return False def rollover(self, record): if self._handler is None: self._handler = self._handler_factory(record, self) self._handler.emit_batch(iter(self.buffered_records), 'escalation') self.buffered_records.clear() self._action_triggered = not self._reset @property def triggered(self): """This attribute is `True` when the action was triggered. From this point onwards the finger crossed handler transparently forwards all log records to the inner handler. If the handler resets itself this will always be `False`. """ return self._action_triggered def emit(self, record): self.lock.acquire() try: if self.enqueue(record): self.rollover(record) finally: self.lock.release() class GroupHandler(WrapperHandler): """A handler that buffers all messages until it is popped again and then forwards all messages to another handler. This is useful if you for example have an application that does computations and only a result mail is required. A group handler makes sure that only one mail is sent and not multiple. Some other handles might support this as well, though currently none of the builtins do. Example:: with GroupHandler(MailHandler(...)): # everything here ends up in the mail The :class:`GroupHandler` is implemented as a :class:`WrapperHandler` thus forwarding all attributes of the wrapper handler. Notice that this handler really only emit the records when the handler is popped from the stack. .. versionadded:: 0.3 """ _direct_attrs = frozenset(['handler', 'pull_information', 'buffered_records']) def __init__(self, handler, pull_information=True): WrapperHandler.__init__(self, handler) self.pull_information = pull_information self.buffered_records = [] def rollover(self): self.handler.emit_batch(self.buffered_records, 'group') self.buffered_records = [] def pop_application(self): Handler.pop_application(self) self.rollover() def pop_thread(self): Handler.pop_thread(self) self.rollover() def pop_context(self): Handler.pop_context(self) self.rollover() def pop_greenlet(self): Handler.pop_greenlet(self) self.rollover() def emit(self, record): if self.pull_information: record.pull_information() self.buffered_records.append(record)